Have you been able to get into the machine's setup utility ( I found the machine's user manual online, and they still call it the BIOS) to see if there's a switch to turn on the integrated graphics? Do you have any manual for the machine or motherboard that tells you how to do so? Usually it's a key or key combo that you have to press during the first few seconds after powering on. Edit: the manual says it's the [Del] key.
This link may help: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/switch-o ... 53059.html
Another suggestion is to try a Debian derivative that tries to make things easier for the beginner, just to see if their Live ISO can get to a desktop. One that I help with is MX Linux (use 64-bit for your machine). Other good ones include SolydXK, antiX or Bunsen Labs for very lightweight systems, or Mint LMDE. The standard Mint version is based on Ubuntu, so has diverged further from Debian, but is still a popular choice.