Not really sure what to say here, first things first I guess,
by BamHI » Do to the HP Documentary and Warranty file in partition 1 I initially did not want to do that but if it is the easiest solution I might go for it.
I think you mean "Due" and not Do,... Is there any other data on the 1st partition that is important to you ?, If there is the first thing you should do is back up everything you want to save, to late now, but you should have made a good backup , before you started messing with things , including installing another OS. If you had made a good back up , the solution would be simple, you could restore the original system with the backup. And then start over.
You probably have all ready voided, or violated any warranty , I don't know on that.
by BamHI »Thank you for the idea of reinstallation of FreeDOS and using the "bootfix" command and I actually tried this, but I was unsure how to use that command because one has to specify a drive like "C" and I do not know what drive to choose.
Your welcome, and I need to apologize, actually the "bootfix" command is pretty much useless for this, so forget about that.
If you decide to try to re-install FreeDos, :
by BamHI » And I also do not know how to tell the FreeDOS installer in which partition it has to be installed.
Do you have a FreeDos USB stick you can use to re-install with ? When you boot with FreeDos, it is pretty straight forward, it will probably be C: that you install to, how ever keep in mind, and it will warn you about this, It will overwrite everything on that partition,including your HP warranty, and documentation,if they are on the same partition. Based on this they are not on the same partition :
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#1 - FreeDos HP Documentary and Warranty files - 8 GB
#2 - FreeDos (the normal FreeDOS operating system for normal use) - 8 GB
#3 - An empty, not configured partition. Size: Rest up to the 500 GB of the SSD.
Trying to explain this is kind of hard for me, so I made some screen shots,
It may not be necessary to actually install FreeDos again, also you need to look at some information, to make sure you do select the correct partition, FreeDos comes with the "fdisk" command as well, so select the option <No, return to Dos.> This will take you to the Dos prompt:

You will be in "A:", if you type C: at the prompt it will switch to C: if there is a C: drive that is readable, I did not us C: in the screen shot because I had not yet created a partition, and there was no C: how ever you will see, I looked at D:, tried E:. .....
So now, go back to the A: drive and you can run the fdisk command and you will see something like this:

Choose the # 4 option, it is all pretty straight forward, as it says, "display partition information"
In this last screenshot, you will see I have created my C: partition, you will probably not need to do this,
since you all ready have a partition with FreeDos on it, that will , or should be the C: partition, it should be marked A , (active),...

The "esc" key will exit fdisk, as it says. From the A: dos prompt, type: setup , that will take you back to the FreeDos installer, use the information you got when you used fdisk, it probably will show the other partitions, but any way, probably also if you proceed with the installation, it will show you that there is more then 1 partition, and ask which one you want to use, I am guessing it will be C:
The others, are linux, and the GPT, when you run fdisk, it will show those as well, it may say
"unknown" or something. If by some chance for example it shows the dos partition as being
D: or E:, the logic applies, you will need to select D: or what ever it showed.
You can type HELP, to get some command info if you do not know the Dos commands.
by BamHI » Would it be a better idea to simply replace FreeDOS with, for example, "Damn Small Linux" just to have the same boot sector configuration everywhere?
I don't know, don't know much about "Damn Small Linux" , I don't think I would do that, but the same is going to apply, you will need to learn some linux commands, like using fdisk, etc, to determine which partition to install to.
There are various ways to solve this. You should be able to use the Grub rescue disk to install grub2
some where, and get a boot loader set up, I know nothing about the grub rescue disk, so p.H
will need to help you on that, or just follow the manual, and instructions if the disk has some.
Also I noticed :
If over writing the FreeDos partition with some other Linux system is a option for you, Why "damn small linux" ? Why not just install Debian to the entire Drive and be done with it ?
Re-install FreeDos, and install Grub, (grub2),
You could just re-install Debian, but install it to the entire Drive, read the Debian install documentation
before you start, the Debian installer will install Grub2 , at the end of the installation.
This, below is gibberish to me, I can not make any sense of it :
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#3:
Gewünscht=Unbekannt/Installieren/R=Entfernen/P=Vollständig Löschen/Halten
| Status=Nicht/Installiert/Config/U=Entpackt/halb konFiguriert/
Halb installiert/Trigger erWartet/Trigger anhängig
|/ Fehler?=(kein)/R=Neuinstallation notwendig (Status, Fehler: GROSS=schlecht)
||/ Name Version Architektur Beschreibung
+++-==============-============-============-=================================
un grub <keine> <keine> (keine Beschreibung vorhanden)
ii grub-common 2.02~beta3-5 amd64 GRand Unified Bootloader (common
un grub-coreboot <keine> <keine> (keine Beschreibung vorhanden)
un grub-doc <keine> <keine> (keine Beschreibung vorhanden)
un grub-efi <keine> <keine> (keine Beschreibung vorhanden)
un grub-efi-amd64 <keine> <keine> (keine Beschreibung vorhanden)
un grub-efi-ia32 <keine> <keine> (keine Beschreibung vorhanden)
un grub-efi-ia64 <keine> <keine> (keine Beschreibung vorhanden)
un grub-emu <keine> <keine> (keine Beschreibung vorhanden)
un grub-ieee1275 <keine> <keine> (keine Beschreibung vorhanden)
un grub-legacy <keine> <keine> (keine Beschreibung vorhanden)
un grub-legacy-do <keine> <keine> (keine Beschreibung vorhanden)
un grub-linuxbios <keine> <keine> (keine Beschreibung vorhanden)
ii grub-pc 2.02~beta3-5 amd64 GRand Unified Bootloader, version
ii grub-pc-bin 2.02~beta3-5 amd64 GRand Unified Bootloader, version
un grub-xen <keine> <keine> (keine Beschreibung vorhanden)
un grub-yeeloong <keine> <keine> (keine Beschreibung vorhanden)
un grub2 <keine> <keine> (keine Beschreibung vorhanden)
ii grub2-common 2.02~beta3-5 amd64 GRand Unified Bootloader (common)