strange, i also have hd 530:
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lspci -k|grep -iEA5 'video|vga|3d|display'
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation HD Graphics 530 (rev 06)
Subsystem: Micro-Star International Co., Ltd. [MSI] HD Graphics 530
Kernel driver in use: i915
Kernel modules: i915
and have been using it succesfully with the 4.9 LTS kernel series for a long while now; but, admittedly, on archlinux and not debian.
my Xorg log:
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grep -iEC3 'aiglx|i9' Xorg.0.log
[ 218.168] ABI class: X.Org Video Driver, version 23.0
[ 218.168] (II) intel: Driver for Intel(R) Integrated Graphics Chipsets:
i810, i810-dc100, i810e, i815, i830M, 845G, 854, 852GM/855GM, 865G,
915G, E7221 (i915), 915GM, 945G, 945GM, 945GME, Pineview GM,
Pineview G, 965G, G35, 965Q, 946GZ, 965GM, 965GME/GLE, G33, Q35, Q33,
GM45, 4 Series, G45/G43, Q45/Q43, G41, B43
[ 218.169] (II) intel: Driver for Intel(R) HD Graphics
[ 218.169] (II) intel: Driver for Intel(R) Iris(TM) Graphics
[ 218.169] (II) intel: Driver for Intel(R) Iris(TM) Pro Graphics
[ 218.169] xf86EnableIOPorts: failed to set IOPL for I/O (Operation not permitted)
[ 218.185] (II) intel(0): Using Kernel Mode Setting driver: i915, version 1.6.0 20171023
[ 218.185] (II) intel(0): SNA compiled from 2.99.917-811-g5c7e4e0e
[ 218.209] (WW) VGA arbiter: cannot open kernel arbiter, no multi-card support
[ 218.228] (--) intel(0): Integrated Graphics Chipset: Intel(R) HD Graphics 530
--
[ 218.388] (==) intel(0): DPMS enabled
[ 218.388] (==) intel(0): Display hotplug detection enabled
[ 218.388] (II) intel(0): [DRI2] Setup complete
[ 218.388] (II) intel(0): [DRI2] DRI driver: i965
[ 218.388] (II) intel(0): [DRI2] VDPAU driver: va_gl
[ 218.388] (II) intel(0): direct rendering: DRI2 DRI3 enabled
[ 218.388] (II) intel(0): hardware support for Present enabled
[ 218.388] (--) RandR disabled
[ 219.088] (II) AIGLX: enabled GLX_MESA_copy_sub_buffer
[ 219.088] (II) AIGLX: enabled GLX_ARB_create_context
[ 219.088] (II) AIGLX: enabled GLX_ARB_create_context_profile
[ 219.088] (II) AIGLX: enabled GLX_EXT_create_context_es{,2}_profile
[ 219.088] (II) AIGLX: enabled GLX_INTEL_swap_event
[ 219.088] (II) AIGLX: enabled GLX_SGI_swap_control
[ 219.088] (II) AIGLX: enabled GLX_EXT_framebuffer_sRGB
[ 219.088] (II) AIGLX: enabled GLX_ARB_fbconfig_float
[ 219.088] (II) AIGLX: enabled GLX_EXT_fbconfig_packed_float
[ 219.088] (II) AIGLX: GLX_EXT_texture_from_pixmap backed by buffer objects
[ 219.088] (II) AIGLX: enabled GLX_ARB_create_context_robustness
[ 219.089] (II) AIGLX: Loaded and initialized i965
[ 219.089] (II) GLX: Initialized DRI2 GL provider for screen 0
[ 219.193] (II) intel(0): switch to mode 1680x1050@60.0 on HDMI2 using pipe 0, position (0, 0), rotation normal, reflection none
[ 219.209] (II) intel(0): Setting screen physical size to 444 x 277
i suggest you revert to stretch's standard kernel, don't use nomodeset, and show us the above output (Xorg.0.log might be in a different location).
i also have these intel-related packages installed:
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extra/intel-tbb 2018_20171205-1 [installed]
extra/intel-ucode 20180108-1 [installed]
extra/libva-intel-driver 2.1.0-1 [installed]
extra/mesa 17.3.3-2 [installed]
extra/xf86-video-intel 1:2.99.917+811+g5c7e4e0e-1 (xorg-drivers) [installed]
package names will likely differ on debian, but this should be helpful.