The Debian 12.0 live images add the raspi-firmware package and cause upgrade problems afterwards.
This kernel command line parameter removes the package as part of the installation process:
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preseed/late_command="in-target dpkg --purge raspi-firmware ; in-target rm -r /boot/firmware"
To apply kernel parameters in non-UEFI systems select the installer in the boot menu, press <tab> then add the parameter just before "---" (separated with spaces) and press <return>; for UEFI systems use <e> to add the parameter to the end of the line that starts with "linux" then use <ctrl>+<x> (at the same time) to boot the modified installer entry.
The parameter corresponds to this line in a preseed configuration file:
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d-i preseed/late_command string in-target dpkg --purge raspi-firmware ; in-target rm -r /boot/firmware
See
https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/ ... pb.en.html for the official preseeding instructions.